Birdnesting with John Clare
Under the influence: Bird Nesting with John Clare
by Alison Brackenbury
broadcast on Radio 3 in December 2008,
in The Essay series
produced by Julian May
The beanfields’ scent
It is light as winds, without coldness,
Fresh waves of sea without salt,
It blows a sweet honey, uncloying,
It is happiness without fault.
Its flowers’ tongues ask no taxes,
Though their purple is royal; their white
Is pressed by black so pure
That noon is burned by night.
Who buys a scent called “Beanflowers”?
Its glossy blue of leaf
Buckles, to June’s sharp showers.
Best things are free and brief.
This poem of mine was left, freely and briefly, in a pamphlet in a doctor’s waiting room. In return, I received an email from a lady in Swindon, who had always loved the scent of beanflowers, but had never before read a poem in its praise. But of course, I had. It was by John Clare.
‘Black eyed and white, and feathered to one’s feet
How sweet they smell’- Clare wrote, remembering fragrance breathed on ‘battered footpaths’. Searching for the poem again, in my yellowed student copy, I find it in the section marked ‘Asylum’. A few pages later, in the final poem, I glimpse the phrase ‘the sedgy fen’.
Biography is a fen. I will try, without being sucked down, to say why I was drawn to Clare on that summer footpath. Clare’s path is a legend: the farm labourer who read avidly and achieved brief fame as an English working-class poet. His disreputable grandfather was in fact a Scottish schoolteacher. My mother, also from a rather disreputable, partly Welsh family, trained in London as a teacher, but came back to her Lincolnshire village to my father. Rebelling against generations of shepherds, he was first a ploughboy, like Clare, then a farm lorry driver.
So I first heard Clare at a village school, in the pattering of his ‘little trotty wagtail’. (I had spent my earliest years, like Clare, roaming woods, hunting nests.) At a tiny grammar school, I learnt one of his more conventional bird poems. I was shipped off to Oxford, with the highest hopes. But a dark winter followed. The last sight which made me want to live was a glimpse of rough-coated ponies, in a flooded field. Then, briefly, I went over the edge.
I came back, of course. I was lucky. Survival is a duty. I have managed a fair impersonation of it for over thirty years. Clare’s path was wholly different. Over his edge, he was Byron, and his wife a stranger. He was gone, for almost thirty years. Madness, like marriage, is a mystery. Was it syphilis, caught in London? But, on his paths, in his head, he survived. The last poem in my yellowed book has its own light:
‘But warm the sun shines by the little wood
Where the old cow at her leisure chews her cud.’
Oxford finally enlightened me. It gave me Clare. There I read most of his work, including a new book, a collection never published in Clare’s lifetime, which he wanted to call ‘Bird Nesting’. The poem which stayed with me, muttered and cherished, is one which Clare copied out, in one swift unpunctuated flow.
The Cuckoo
(I am only quoting a short extract in this written version of the talk, as I am unsure of the copyright status of this poem. You may wish to Google ‘Clare +The Cuckoo’.)
…..
'Cuck cuck' it cries and mocking boys
Crie 'Cuck' and then it stutters more
Till quick forgot its own sweet voice
It seems to know itself no more
Is there a sadder end to a poem? Yet it is light as dance. Behind it is knowledge we cannot own. Who knows the colour inside a cuckoo’s beak? That world has gone. Behind the shortening lines are the ballads Clare’s parents sang, which Clare wrote down. Is there, too, the lilt of Burns? Clare, I believe, was shocked to discover that Burns’ songs cheerfully purloined ballad lines. But perhaps it emboldened him to do so. The close of this poem makes me bolder to throw the rules of English syntax into the air, and trust they may come down in the rhythm of a poem. When Clare wrote ‘quick forgot its own sweet voice’ he found his own most truly.
Clare has haunted my work, the most welcome of ghosts. In my twenties, I wrote sad love poems which owed much to the green grass and lost girls of his many songs. My second book had a long poem about Clare called ‘Breaking Ground’. I now guess this gave more to me than the reader, apart from one tumbling ballad where Clare dreams of himself as a famous dead boxer, as the villagers cast flowers on his bare coffin:
marigolds of sun and flame
light stocks as sweet as women’s love
briar roses, frail as wrists of girls,
with every thorn plucked off-
Then, Clare, like the best of influences, sank out of sight in my work for almost twenty years. Now, with his music, he has resurfaced in my new book, ‘Singing in the Dark’, which has a poem about his violin. But the poem I offer, most tentatively after ‘The Cuckoo’, is a poem about the buzzard. Clare wrote about this bird, but with its dialect name, ‘puddock’, and of its capture as a garden pet. I have moved gratefully into the vacant territory of the skies.
Myfanwy, Edward Thomas’ daughter, wrote kindly about this poem. Perhaps my thinned Welsh blood did flow into its long vowels. I could write it because, to my family’s despair, I had not become rich or famous. I spent much of my limited funds on rough-coated ponies, not unlike those my grandfather drove in his shepherding cart. I took a manual job in the family business. So I was up on the Gloucestershire hills three or four days a week, scraping mud from horses, watching birds. I had plenty to write about; if, unlike my father, and, probably, Clare, I could stay awake in the warm kitchen at night. I occasionally solved the problem, as in this poem, by composing out of doors; not on foot, like Clare, but on horseback.
High notes
Over the ridge, flooded tracks snarl with ice.
February shifts through its angles of wind,
North to the bare ash, east to the numbed hand.
Above the torn pasture, the buzzard’s voice.
The buzzard is many birds. Dropped to the road
It rips the soft rabbit with eagle’s hard glare.
As kite, it circles through ceilings of air.
It sleeps in the ash like a ruffled brown toad.
Its voices are many, a mewing prattle,
A languorous whistle over the wood.
Once, when the lambs tottered banks, it could
Draw from its throat a machine gun’s rattle.
Now its voice has changed, though the night is bringing
The sun’s red disc, the moon’s white eye.
Its call swoops and breaks. Its mate hovers by.
To frozen acres the buzzard is singing.
But on the ground, animals are more vulnerable. Savagery against them is a rejected part of my country past. I saw a little of it, but nothing like the badger-baiting Clare trapped in ferocious couplets:
He drives away and beats them every one,
And then they loose them all and set them on
He falls as dead and kicked by boys and men
Then starts and grins and drives the crowd agen
Till kicked and torn and beaten out he lies
And leaves his hold and cackles groans and dies.
Clare knew an outspoken ballad about the ‘Wantley Dragon’, which, in a final line still unrepeatable on radio, ‘groans’ and ‘dies’. I was less startled by the language than by the feeding of the ballad into his work, and by the realisation that the couplets I had always thought he drew from his reading were everywhere in the ballad tradition. I had emerged from school writing staccato free verse; from university, briefly seduced by ambiguity and alternative endings. It took me a long time to rediscover, fully, rhyme, story, ballad. Poetry can do many things, but it is necessary for some writers to keep strong traditional forms alive, if only so they can be reworked, played against, rejected. I make no apology for trying to be one of those writers. If I have had any success at all, it is mainly due to Clare.
In my experience, working class country people are often, like Clare, surprisingly radical. I think rhyme works well in political poetry. I found myself breaking back to it, instinctively, in a book called ‘Bricks and Ballads’, which opened with a poem from September 2001.
Trust me, it was a time when we would start
At dusked skin of a wrist, at a plane’s drone.
I could predict, unsleeping, their success.
The war was theirs. The terror was our own.
I have always admired Clare’s passionate interweaving of description and comment on enclosure or land claims; which occasionally, fatally, his publisher unpicked in his ‘Shepherd’s Calendar’.
One of the traditions this poem celebrates is the Christmas play. After finding a scrap of a mummers’ play in a family notebook, I wrote my own for regional radio– in rough couplets- complete with the East European workers who have partly replaced Clare’s gypsies, and a child who is “one in three”, poor in a (then) booming country. Has my town progressed beyond Clare’s Northamptonshire? I fear that today Clare, a heavy drinker, might be out of his head on drugs in a council flat (if he could get one), never having written a word; although I see signs that slams and performance poetry may be appealing successors to the ballads Clare’s father recited in the pub.
My own journey with Clare is not over. I have just read a version of ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar’, published by Carcanet, in a fuller, unpunctuated form, as sent by Clare to his editor. I have never understood so clearly what Clare is doing in this poem: it is the rush of his consciousness, rich as his world. His endings, which his publisher re-wrote, hang on the air like song. I have spent decades wrestling with punctuation, trying to catch the mind’s flow, the thick warmth of life. I am fired to continue.
I see, too, that editing often destroyed the detail on which the poem depends, such as the February bee, which ‘strokes its legs upon its wing’. I looked at my summer’s poems recently and noticed how many were about insects; tiny, vital in a damaged world. Unlike Clare’s villagers, dispossessed by enclosure, many of us own small plots of land: gardens, which have increasingly been paved, tarmaced and built on. The enclosers were Clare’s destroyers. We have done our own destroying. I drive to my pony on the hills. Clare would have seen, with eyes sharp as a buzzard, the smallest signs of the disaster we are courting.
Clare knew that the great depends on the small. At the end of ‘February’, in his Shepherd’s Calendar, he has an exact, minute account of a hedgehog before his great storm scene. His editor replaced it by some vapid stuff about sunbeams. How wrong he was!
At last, we can hear Clare’s version, where the small sweeps into the great, icicles become comets and we, like the shepherd, are left ‘croodling’, hunched beneath the fury of the weather. Here is the end of ‘February’, from ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar’, by John Clare.
The hedgehog from its hollow root
Sees the wood moss clear of snow
And hunts each hedge for fallen fruit
Crab hip and winter bitten sloe
And oft when checked by sudden fears
As shepherd dog his haunt espies
He rolls up in a ball of spears
And all his barking rage defies
Thus nature of the spring will dream
While south winds thaw but soon again
Frost breathes upon the stiffening stream
And numbs it into ice – the plain
Soon wears its mourning garb of white
And icicles that fret at noon
Will eke their icy tails at night
Beneath the chilly stars and moon
Nature soon sickens of her joys
And all is sad and dumb again
Save merry shouts of sliding boys
About the frozen furrowed plain
The foddering boy forgets his song
And silent goes wi folded arms
And croodling shepherds bend along
Crouching to the whizzing storms
by Alison Brackenbury
broadcast on Radio 3 in December 2008,
in The Essay series
produced by Julian May
The beanfields’ scent
It is light as winds, without coldness,
Fresh waves of sea without salt,
It blows a sweet honey, uncloying,
It is happiness without fault.
Its flowers’ tongues ask no taxes,
Though their purple is royal; their white
Is pressed by black so pure
That noon is burned by night.
Who buys a scent called “Beanflowers”?
Its glossy blue of leaf
Buckles, to June’s sharp showers.
Best things are free and brief.
This poem of mine was left, freely and briefly, in a pamphlet in a doctor’s waiting room. In return, I received an email from a lady in Swindon, who had always loved the scent of beanflowers, but had never before read a poem in its praise. But of course, I had. It was by John Clare.
‘Black eyed and white, and feathered to one’s feet
How sweet they smell’- Clare wrote, remembering fragrance breathed on ‘battered footpaths’. Searching for the poem again, in my yellowed student copy, I find it in the section marked ‘Asylum’. A few pages later, in the final poem, I glimpse the phrase ‘the sedgy fen’.
Biography is a fen. I will try, without being sucked down, to say why I was drawn to Clare on that summer footpath. Clare’s path is a legend: the farm labourer who read avidly and achieved brief fame as an English working-class poet. His disreputable grandfather was in fact a Scottish schoolteacher. My mother, also from a rather disreputable, partly Welsh family, trained in London as a teacher, but came back to her Lincolnshire village to my father. Rebelling against generations of shepherds, he was first a ploughboy, like Clare, then a farm lorry driver.
So I first heard Clare at a village school, in the pattering of his ‘little trotty wagtail’. (I had spent my earliest years, like Clare, roaming woods, hunting nests.) At a tiny grammar school, I learnt one of his more conventional bird poems. I was shipped off to Oxford, with the highest hopes. But a dark winter followed. The last sight which made me want to live was a glimpse of rough-coated ponies, in a flooded field. Then, briefly, I went over the edge.
I came back, of course. I was lucky. Survival is a duty. I have managed a fair impersonation of it for over thirty years. Clare’s path was wholly different. Over his edge, he was Byron, and his wife a stranger. He was gone, for almost thirty years. Madness, like marriage, is a mystery. Was it syphilis, caught in London? But, on his paths, in his head, he survived. The last poem in my yellowed book has its own light:
‘But warm the sun shines by the little wood
Where the old cow at her leisure chews her cud.’
Oxford finally enlightened me. It gave me Clare. There I read most of his work, including a new book, a collection never published in Clare’s lifetime, which he wanted to call ‘Bird Nesting’. The poem which stayed with me, muttered and cherished, is one which Clare copied out, in one swift unpunctuated flow.
The Cuckoo
(I am only quoting a short extract in this written version of the talk, as I am unsure of the copyright status of this poem. You may wish to Google ‘Clare +The Cuckoo’.)
…..
'Cuck cuck' it cries and mocking boys
Crie 'Cuck' and then it stutters more
Till quick forgot its own sweet voice
It seems to know itself no more
Is there a sadder end to a poem? Yet it is light as dance. Behind it is knowledge we cannot own. Who knows the colour inside a cuckoo’s beak? That world has gone. Behind the shortening lines are the ballads Clare’s parents sang, which Clare wrote down. Is there, too, the lilt of Burns? Clare, I believe, was shocked to discover that Burns’ songs cheerfully purloined ballad lines. But perhaps it emboldened him to do so. The close of this poem makes me bolder to throw the rules of English syntax into the air, and trust they may come down in the rhythm of a poem. When Clare wrote ‘quick forgot its own sweet voice’ he found his own most truly.
Clare has haunted my work, the most welcome of ghosts. In my twenties, I wrote sad love poems which owed much to the green grass and lost girls of his many songs. My second book had a long poem about Clare called ‘Breaking Ground’. I now guess this gave more to me than the reader, apart from one tumbling ballad where Clare dreams of himself as a famous dead boxer, as the villagers cast flowers on his bare coffin:
marigolds of sun and flame
light stocks as sweet as women’s love
briar roses, frail as wrists of girls,
with every thorn plucked off-
Then, Clare, like the best of influences, sank out of sight in my work for almost twenty years. Now, with his music, he has resurfaced in my new book, ‘Singing in the Dark’, which has a poem about his violin. But the poem I offer, most tentatively after ‘The Cuckoo’, is a poem about the buzzard. Clare wrote about this bird, but with its dialect name, ‘puddock’, and of its capture as a garden pet. I have moved gratefully into the vacant territory of the skies.
Myfanwy, Edward Thomas’ daughter, wrote kindly about this poem. Perhaps my thinned Welsh blood did flow into its long vowels. I could write it because, to my family’s despair, I had not become rich or famous. I spent much of my limited funds on rough-coated ponies, not unlike those my grandfather drove in his shepherding cart. I took a manual job in the family business. So I was up on the Gloucestershire hills three or four days a week, scraping mud from horses, watching birds. I had plenty to write about; if, unlike my father, and, probably, Clare, I could stay awake in the warm kitchen at night. I occasionally solved the problem, as in this poem, by composing out of doors; not on foot, like Clare, but on horseback.
High notes
Over the ridge, flooded tracks snarl with ice.
February shifts through its angles of wind,
North to the bare ash, east to the numbed hand.
Above the torn pasture, the buzzard’s voice.
The buzzard is many birds. Dropped to the road
It rips the soft rabbit with eagle’s hard glare.
As kite, it circles through ceilings of air.
It sleeps in the ash like a ruffled brown toad.
Its voices are many, a mewing prattle,
A languorous whistle over the wood.
Once, when the lambs tottered banks, it could
Draw from its throat a machine gun’s rattle.
Now its voice has changed, though the night is bringing
The sun’s red disc, the moon’s white eye.
Its call swoops and breaks. Its mate hovers by.
To frozen acres the buzzard is singing.
But on the ground, animals are more vulnerable. Savagery against them is a rejected part of my country past. I saw a little of it, but nothing like the badger-baiting Clare trapped in ferocious couplets:
He drives away and beats them every one,
And then they loose them all and set them on
He falls as dead and kicked by boys and men
Then starts and grins and drives the crowd agen
Till kicked and torn and beaten out he lies
And leaves his hold and cackles groans and dies.
Clare knew an outspoken ballad about the ‘Wantley Dragon’, which, in a final line still unrepeatable on radio, ‘groans’ and ‘dies’. I was less startled by the language than by the feeding of the ballad into his work, and by the realisation that the couplets I had always thought he drew from his reading were everywhere in the ballad tradition. I had emerged from school writing staccato free verse; from university, briefly seduced by ambiguity and alternative endings. It took me a long time to rediscover, fully, rhyme, story, ballad. Poetry can do many things, but it is necessary for some writers to keep strong traditional forms alive, if only so they can be reworked, played against, rejected. I make no apology for trying to be one of those writers. If I have had any success at all, it is mainly due to Clare.
In my experience, working class country people are often, like Clare, surprisingly radical. I think rhyme works well in political poetry. I found myself breaking back to it, instinctively, in a book called ‘Bricks and Ballads’, which opened with a poem from September 2001.
Trust me, it was a time when we would start
At dusked skin of a wrist, at a plane’s drone.
I could predict, unsleeping, their success.
The war was theirs. The terror was our own.
I have always admired Clare’s passionate interweaving of description and comment on enclosure or land claims; which occasionally, fatally, his publisher unpicked in his ‘Shepherd’s Calendar’.
One of the traditions this poem celebrates is the Christmas play. After finding a scrap of a mummers’ play in a family notebook, I wrote my own for regional radio– in rough couplets- complete with the East European workers who have partly replaced Clare’s gypsies, and a child who is “one in three”, poor in a (then) booming country. Has my town progressed beyond Clare’s Northamptonshire? I fear that today Clare, a heavy drinker, might be out of his head on drugs in a council flat (if he could get one), never having written a word; although I see signs that slams and performance poetry may be appealing successors to the ballads Clare’s father recited in the pub.
My own journey with Clare is not over. I have just read a version of ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar’, published by Carcanet, in a fuller, unpunctuated form, as sent by Clare to his editor. I have never understood so clearly what Clare is doing in this poem: it is the rush of his consciousness, rich as his world. His endings, which his publisher re-wrote, hang on the air like song. I have spent decades wrestling with punctuation, trying to catch the mind’s flow, the thick warmth of life. I am fired to continue.
I see, too, that editing often destroyed the detail on which the poem depends, such as the February bee, which ‘strokes its legs upon its wing’. I looked at my summer’s poems recently and noticed how many were about insects; tiny, vital in a damaged world. Unlike Clare’s villagers, dispossessed by enclosure, many of us own small plots of land: gardens, which have increasingly been paved, tarmaced and built on. The enclosers were Clare’s destroyers. We have done our own destroying. I drive to my pony on the hills. Clare would have seen, with eyes sharp as a buzzard, the smallest signs of the disaster we are courting.
Clare knew that the great depends on the small. At the end of ‘February’, in his Shepherd’s Calendar, he has an exact, minute account of a hedgehog before his great storm scene. His editor replaced it by some vapid stuff about sunbeams. How wrong he was!
At last, we can hear Clare’s version, where the small sweeps into the great, icicles become comets and we, like the shepherd, are left ‘croodling’, hunched beneath the fury of the weather. Here is the end of ‘February’, from ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar’, by John Clare.
The hedgehog from its hollow root
Sees the wood moss clear of snow
And hunts each hedge for fallen fruit
Crab hip and winter bitten sloe
And oft when checked by sudden fears
As shepherd dog his haunt espies
He rolls up in a ball of spears
And all his barking rage defies
Thus nature of the spring will dream
While south winds thaw but soon again
Frost breathes upon the stiffening stream
And numbs it into ice – the plain
Soon wears its mourning garb of white
And icicles that fret at noon
Will eke their icy tails at night
Beneath the chilly stars and moon
Nature soon sickens of her joys
And all is sad and dumb again
Save merry shouts of sliding boys
About the frozen furrowed plain
The foddering boy forgets his song
And silent goes wi folded arms
And croodling shepherds bend along
Crouching to the whizzing storms
